<p>Van Metre Ford Stone Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. Built by Pennsylvania builder Silas Harry, it was built in 1832, and is a three span bridge crossing Opequon Creek. It is 132 feet long and constructed of ashlar limestone. The center span measures 32 feet and the two side spans are each 29.5 feet long.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. A historic marker at the bridge says:</p><br>
<p>Named for the property owners this stone bridge built in 1832 across Opequon Creek was major improvement for travellers on Warm Springs Road connecting Alexandria and Bath Va., site of famous mineral waters. The Berkeley County Court established a commission to study and contract for construction of bridge. Silas Harry erected at local expense 165 foot bridge at reported cost of $3,700.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was replaced by a modern, two-lane bridge in 2016. The historic stone bridge remains as a pedestrian bridge.</p><br>
<p>Opequon Golf Club, also known as the Stonebridge Golf Club and Martinsburg Golf Club, is a historic country club clubhouse located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. The clubhouse was built in 1922, and is a one-story, Adirondack Lodge Style stone building with a wraparound porch on the north and west sides. It has a steep gable roof with a chimney at the west end. The porches have hip roofs and feature exposed rafter ends and stone columns. It sits on a raised basement. The building was added to on the east end in 1955. West Virginia Senator Charles James Faulkner  was a founding member and served as first president of the Opequon Golf Club.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Tomahawk Spring is a historic spring house located near Martinsburg, at Tomahawk, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It was built about 1860 on the stone foundation of a previous building. It is a one-story, wood-frame structure atop a three-feet-tall stone foundation in two sections. The first section is atop the spring and is approximately 16 by, surrounded by a lattice enclosure. The second section contains a pool and is 13 by.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Swan Pond, also known as "Folkland" and the Dr. Edward O. Williams House, is a historic home located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States. It was built after 1810, and has a -story, five bay wide, brick main section with a brick wing. The house is in a transitional Georgian / Federal-style. Also on the property is a 19th-century log outbuilding. As of January 11, 2023 the historic home and surrounding acreage returned to the ownership of the Folk family when former West Virginia State Delegate Michael Folk and his wife, Stella, purchased the 5 bedroom 4 bath home on the remaining approximately 60 acres.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. It is located in the Swan Pond Manor Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Watkins Ferry Toll House was a historic toll house located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It was built in 1837, as a small rectangular stone building, measuring approximately 17 feet wide by 23 feet deep. It had a gable roof and featured Greek Revival-style architectural details. While being used as a private dwelling, sadly it burned on February 8, 1985. The remains of its foundation were finally removed in early 2004 to make room for a housing development.</p><br>
<p>It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Little Gap Covered Bridge is an historic, American covered bridge that is located near Little Gap in Lower Towamensing Township, Carbon County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built circa 1860, this historic structure is a seventy-three-foot, Burr Truss-span that crosses the Buckwah Creek. The bridge incorporated elements of the Howe truss in its construction.</p><br>
<p>A nearby restaurant, the "Covered Bridge Inn," takes its name from the bridge. In 2011, the bridge was damaged by a hit and run driver.</p><br>
<p>Power Plant and Dam No. 4 is a historic hydroelectric power generation station on the Potomac River, located near Shepherdstown on the county line between Berkeley and Jefferson County, West Virginia. The power plant is a tall one-story, limestone building on a high stone foundation. It is five bays long and has a gable roof. Dam 4 uses horizontal shaft turbines connected by rope drives to horizontal shaft generators. This plant is probably the last commercially operated rope-driven hydroelectric plant in the United States. The building is built into a hillside, so the main floor is the top floor. The power plant was originally built by the Martinsburg Electric Company.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the power plant was sold by FirstEnergy to Harbor Hydro Holdings LLC. The power plant has a rated capacity of 1.9 megawatts.</p><br>
<h2>Building the Dam</h2><br>
<p>The dam was originally built for the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. On June 7, 1832, the contract was awarded to Joseph Hollman, and the work was completed in June 1835, at a cost of $50.803.15 To avoid construction costs, the canal entered the slackwater above the dam, and continued in the slackwater for about 3 miles. This area was dubbed "Big Slackwater" by the canallers.</p><br>
<p>Major General Nathanael Greene is a bronze equestrian statue honoring Nathanael Greene, a military leader during the American Revolutionary War. Greene was from modern-day Rhode Island and after laws passed by the Kingdom of Great Britain, along with the burning of one of his ships, Greene formed a state militia. He was later promoted to brigadier general in the Continental Army where he became a trusted adviser to Commander-in-Chief General George Washington. Greene played an active role during the war, participating in battles, sieges, and campaigns from New England to the Southern Colonies. For his service to the war, Greene was offered free land and settled in Georgia with his family. He died a few years later from a heatstroke.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the war concluded, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution to honor Greene with a memorial in the nation&#39;s capital. Nothing happened for almost 100 years until 1874 when Congress authorized $40,000 to be spent on an equestrian statue of Greene. A further $10,000 was allocated the following year for the pedestal. The sculptor chosen to create the statue, Henry Kirke Brown, had already made a statue of Greene that stands in the National Statuary Hall Collection. The pedestal was installed Christmas Eve 1877, and the statue was placed in position early the following year. The statue was well-received and is considered one of the best equestrian statues in Washington, D.C. It is located in the center of Stanton Park in the Capitol Hill neighborhood, a couple of blocks east of the USA Capitol.</p><br>
<p>A wind storm and corroded rivets resulted in the statue toppling over in 1930, but it was mostly unharmed. Greenes statue is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary in Washington, D.C., that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1978 and the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) the following year. In addition, the statue is a contributing property to the LEnfant Plan and the Capitol Hill Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>Nathanael Greene was born on August 7, 1742, at Forge Farm in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, present-day Rhode Island. He was born into a Quaker upper-income family. Despite his familys religious beliefs against "book learning," Greene convinced his father to hire a tutor. The tutor, Ezra Stiles, would later become president of Yale College. Greenes father trained him to be a founder when his son wasnt learning classical education during the Age of Enlightenment. In 1770, Greene moved to his home in Coventry, Rhode Island, to run the familys foundry. That same year his father died, leaving the family business to Greene and his brothers. He married Catharine Littlefield Greene in 1774, with whom he had seven children.</p><br>
<p>The Kingdom of Great Britain imposed heavy fines and taxes on the Thirteen Colonies after the French and Indian War. On one occasion, a British officer seized a boat owned by the Greene family. Greene sued, and although he won the case, his boat was burnt during the 1772 Gaspee affair. He became disillusioned with not only his loyalty to the British, but also his religious faith. Greene was ultimately banned from Quaker meetings in 1773. After what the colonists nicknamed the Intolerable Acts, in 1774 Greene organized the Kentish Guards, consisting of Rhode Island militia. Due to a limp Greene had since childhood, he was not commissioned an officer in the Kentish Guards.</p><br>
<p>For the next year, Greene recruited men to fight against the British. His actions impressed colonial leaders and he was put in charge of three militias by the state Colonial Assembly. During the war, Greene participated in numerous battles and campaigns. He assisted with the Siege of Boston, the New York and New Jersey campaign, commandeering Fort Constitution, the Battle of Trenton, the Battle of Germantown, and served as quartermaster general at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-1778. Greene was sent to the southern colonies to assist with the southern campaign. Some of the battles where he participated include the Battle of Guilford Court House, the Battle of Hobkirk&#39;s Hill, and the Battle of Eutaw Springs.</p><br>
<p>After the war concluded, many people considered Greene to have been the second-best general in the Continental Army, with the first being Washington. Some of the southern states offered Greene land confiscated from loyalists. He settled in Georgia at the Mulberry Grove Plantation, but died three years later on June 19, 1786, from a heat stroke.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial plans and dedication</h3><br>
<p>Soon after the Revolutionary War ended, the Congress of the Confederation passed a resolution to erect a memorial in the nations capital honoring Greene. For unknown reasons, this did not occur until almost 100 years later. One member from the Senate and one from the House of Representatives were to join Greens grandson, George Washington Greene, on a commission to complete the statue&#39;s installation at a cost of $40,000. Congress authorized an additional $10,000 for the pedestal on March 3, 1875.</p><br>
<p>The sculptor chosen to create the statue was Henry Kirke Brown, whose other works include the equestrian statue of Winfield Scott in Washington, D.C., the equestrian statue of George Washington in New York City, and the Washington Monument at West Point, New York. In addition to these outdoor statues, Brown sculpted the statue of Nathanael Greene and others for the National Statuary Hall Collection. Brown was unhappy with the amount he earned for Greene&#39;s equestrian statue.</p><br>
<p>Congress authorized the placement of the statue in 1877. On Christmas Eve 1877, the pedestal, made by the Quincy Granite Company, was installed. Brown returned to Washington, D.C., after the holidays to supervise the statue being placed on the pedestal. The statue, which was founded by Robert Wood & Company, was praised by critics, who noted the fine details of the horse and Greene. It is considered one of the best equestrian statues in Washington, D.C. The surrounding park was improved over the next couple of years, with fencing, sidewalks, and trees added.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>In June 1930, what newspapers called a "freakish gust of wind," blew through Stanton Park, toppling the statue. The statues head and shoulders were buried into the ground, but remarkably the statue was unharmed, except for a small crack on the horses left thigh. It was found the rivets were corroded, making the statue easily susceptible to falling. The statue was lifted back in place by using a derrick.</p><br>
<p>The Greene statue is one of 14 American Revolution Statuary that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on July 14, 1978. The statuary was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) the following year on March 3, 1979. Because of its location on a square planned by Pierre Charles LEnfant, the statue is a contributing property to the LEnfant Plan, listed on the NRHP and DCIHS on April 24, 1997, and January 19, 1971, respectively. In addition, the statue is a contributing property to the Capitol Hill Historic District, which was added to the DCIHS on June 19, 1973, followed by the NRHP a few years later on August 27, 1976. The statue and surrounding park are owned and maintained by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>Greene&#39;s statue is sited in the center of Stanton Park (Reservation 15), also known as Stanton Square, in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Stanton Park is bounded by 4th Street, 5th Street, 6th Street, and C Street SE, and is also where Maryland Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue SE intersect. It is the only public space in Washington, D.C., that is not named after the memorial which is located there.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The bronze statue of Greene is 11-feet (3.4 m) tall and 15-feet (4.6 m) long. It rests on a granite oval base measuring 14-feet (4.3 m) tall, 17-feet (5.2 m) long, and 8-feet (2.4 m) wide. Greene is riding a horse that has its right leg up while trotting. Greene is wearing his Colonial Army uniform and a three-cornered hat. He is depicted leading his soldiers into battle while holding the horses reins with his left hand. Greenes right arm is pointing ahead, reminiscent of a military officer pointing the enemy to his troops.</p><br>
<p>The inscription on the base reads:</p><br>
<p>(Base, south side:)</p><br>
<p>(Base, north side:)</p><br>
<p>General Casimir Pulaski is a bronze equestrian statue of Casimir Pulaski, a military man born in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He joined the military at a young age, fighting for removal of the king, who was backed by Russia. After his side lost the war, he fled to Paris, where he met Benjamin Franklin. Impressed by Pulaski, Franklin wrote a letter of recommendation to George Washington, suggesting he would be a helpful soldier during the American Revolutionary War. After arriving in the USA, Pulaski eventually was promoted to Brigadier General and commanded a cavalry unit, the Pulaski&#39;s Legion. He died in 1779 due to injuries sustained in battle.</p><br>
<p>In 1903, Congress authorized the installation of a statue honoring two Poles who assisted America in the war: Pulaski and Tadeusz Kościuszko. Each statue was allocated $50,000 for its creation and installation. The person chosen to sculpt the Pulaski statue was Kazimierz Chodziński, who was assisted by architect Albert Randolph Ross. The unveiling and dedication ceremony took place on May 11, 1910, and was attended by thousands of Polish Americans. Prominent attendees included President William Howard Taft, who spoke at the ceremony, and Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson, who delivered the keynote speech.</p><br>
<p>The statue is located on the eastern end of Freedom Plaza, near the intersection of 13th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, D.C. It shows a mounted figure of Pulaski, holding the reins to his horse, while wearing his Polish military uniform. There is a large plaque on the base of the marble statue.</p><br>
<p>The statue is one of 14 American Revolution statues in Washington, D.C., that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The statue is also a contributing property to the Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site and the L&#39;Enfant Plan, both listed on the NRHP.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>Casimir Pulaski was born in 1745 to wealthy parents in Warsaw, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. By 1762 he already joined the military. A few years later. Pulaski joined other Polish nobility in the Bar Confederation that wanted to dethrone King Stanisław August Poniatowski, who was backed by Russia. During the war, Pulaski served as a cavalry commander. He was forced to flee to Paris when the Russians won the war. It was in Paris where Pulaski met Benjamin Franklin, who encouraged Pulaski to join the Thirteen Colonies fighting in the American Revolutionary War against the Kingdom of Great Britain. Franklin wrote a letter of recommendation of Pulaski for George Washington.</p><br>
<p>Not long after Pulaski arrived in the colonies in 1777, he had a meeting with Washington, who was impressed by Pulaski and his military skills. Washington spoke with the Continental Congress, asking if Pulaski could lead the Continental Cavalry. Due to opposition by Congress, Pulaski worked with Washington as a volunteer aide instead. During the Battle of Brandywine in 1777, Pulaski was able to delay British forces long enough for Washington and his troops time to retreat. For his efforts, Congress promoted Pulaski to brigadier general of the cavalry.</p><br>
<p>He eventually became tired of the cavalry he commanded and, after speaking with Washington, formed the cavalry unit, Pulaski&#39;s Legion. Washington asked the legion to guard Charleston, South Carolina, and after seeing his talent, continental and French forces were impressed. He later fought with the colonial and French forces in Savannah, Georgia, where he was mortally wounded in 1779 during battle. For his services, Pulaski is known as the "Father of the American cavalry."</p><br>
<h3>Memorial plans</h3><br>
<p>In February 1903, Congress approved two statues being erected, one for Pulaski and another statue honoring Polish military hero Tadeusz Kościuszko. The allocation for each statue was $50,000. An Act of Congress authorized the two statues on February 27. The Pulaski statue would be located on Pennsylvania Avenue and the Kościuszko statue in Lafayette Square.</p><br>
<p>The sculptor hired to create the Pulaski statue, Kazimierz Chodziński, was at the request of Polish American groups. The architect chosen to assist with the statue was Albert Randolph Ross. The Gorham Manufacturing Company was hired as the founder and the Maine & New Hampshire Granite Company served as the contractor.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>A day before the unveiling and dedication ceremony, the Polish National Alliance received a cable from former President Theodore Roosevelt, who was in Berlin at the time, stating: "Accept my congratulations to all Americans of Polish birth or origin on the dedication of the monuments to the two great Polish heroes, Kościuszko and Pulaski, whose names will be forever associated on the honor role of American history." News of the message from Roosevelt spread quickly amongst the thousands of Poles and Polish Americans who had travelled to Washington, D.C., for the event.</p><br>
<p>The unveiling took place on On May 11, 1910. A Pulaski descendant, Francis Pulaski, who spoke at the second event, said "He brought to your shores his bravery and his military talents and offered them for the defense of your ideals and your independence."</p><br>
<p>Taft accepted both statues on behalf of the United States. Between the two events, the president and other officials watched an hour-long parade featuring thousands of people, including the entire District of Columbia National Guard and members from Polish societies. The ceremony at the Pulaski statue lasted around an hour and a banquet attended by Taft took place later that night at the Raleigh Hotel.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The statue was originally on a triangular park, Reservation 33, but was moved to another triangular park, Reservation 32, in 1931. It was moved back to its original location in 1958. The two reservations were merged in 1980 when Freedom Plaza opened.</p><br>
<p>The statue of Pulaski is one of 14 American Revolution statues that were collectively listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on July 14, 1978. The following year the statues were added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The bronze Pulaski statue is located on the eastern side of Freedom Plaza, the citys Reservations 32 and 33, near the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and 13th Street NW in downtown Washington, D.C. It is 9-feet tall (2.7 m) and rests on a 12-foot tall (3.7 m), 15-foot long (4.6 m) marble base. Pulaski is riding a horse, which has its front right leg raised while trotting. Pulaski, dressed in his Polish military uniform as a cavalry commander, is wearing a long military coat and a decorative hat. He is holding onto the horses reins while his feet are in the stirrups. The statue is resting on an oval base adorned with foliage and meandros. There are three steps surrounding the base.</p><br>
<h3>Inscriptions</h3><br>
<p>The inscriptions read:</p><br>
<p>Base, Left Side:</p><br>
<p>Brandy Wine</p><br>
<p>Valley Forge</p><br>
<p>Egg Harbor</p><br>
<p>(Base, Back Rounded End:)</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General US</p><br>
<p>Marshal General Poland</p><br>
<p>Base, Right Side:</p><br>
<p>Charlestown</p><br>
<p>Savannah</p><br>
<p>Germantown</p><br>
<p>Base, Front Rounded End:</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Casimir Pulaski</p><br>
<p>1741–1779</p><br>
<p>Fell in Battle at Savannah</p><br>
<p>Base Plaque:</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski,</p><br>
<p>Portrays the Revolutionary War Hero In</p><br>
<p>The Uniform of a Polish Cavalry Commander.</p><br>
<p>Born in Wniary, Poland on March 4, 1748</p><br>
<p>To a Noble Family, Pulaski Gained</p><br>
<p>Prominence in Europe for His Role In</p><br>
<p>Defending Liberty in Poland. Excited By</p><br>
<p>The Struggle of the Emerging American</p><br>
<p>Republic, Pulaski Joined in Its Fight</p><br>
<p>For Independence, Arriving in Boston</p><br>
<p>In July, 1777.</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General and Chief of Cavalry</p><br>
<p>In Command of All Cavalry of the American</p><br>
<p>Forces. He Was Present at Germantown,</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania and Led His Legion At</p><br>
<p>Haddonfield, New Jersey; Egg Harbor,</p><br>
<p>New Jersey; Charleston, South Carolina</p><br>
<p>And Savannah, Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Wounded and Was Taken Aboard The</p><br>
<p>American Brig, Wasp, Where He Died And</p><br>
<p>Was Buried at Sea, on October 11, 1779.</p><br>
<p>He Was 31 Years Old.</p><br>
<p>Sculptor Kazimierz Chodzinski And</p><br>
<p>Architect Albert R. Ross. It Was</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The former Riede&#39;s City Bakery building is located on East Hyman Street in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a small wooden commercial building erected in the 1880s. In 1987, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is one of only two remaining wood frame commercial buildings from the early years of Aspen&#39;s development as a silver mining boomtown. It was not originally a bakery, but became known for one that was operated in the building for almost 20 years. Today it is home to a boutique that sells artwork and hand-woven rugs.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Riedes is located on the south side of East Hyman, near its junction with South Mill Street and the Wheeler Opera House, also listed on the Register. That block of East Hyman has been converted into a pedestrian mall, with commercial buildings on either side of the street in attached rows and tall trees and an unnamed tributary of the Roaring Fork in the middle of cobblestone pavement. The terrain is level, with Wagner Park to the west and the slopes of Aspen Mountain and its ski area several blocks to the south. To the south is one of the alleys connecting Aspens streets.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is a two-story wood frame structure with a false front on the northern (front) elevation.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building is mostly given over to retail space with high ceilings. The second story is not used for commercial purposes. It has 1,628 ft&sup2; of space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1885; its original use is not known although it may have been a bakery. At that time Aspen, which had not even existed a decade earlier, was growing rapidly due to the Colorado Silver Boom. New buildings were erected regularly. Many were wooden. In the late 1880s, after the city experienced a few devastating fires, including the destruction of the large Clarendon Hotel, an ordinance was passed mandating that all new commercial construction be of brick or stone.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 Raymond Riede bought the building and opened his bakery and confectionery there. Three years later the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act during the Panic of 1893 drastically reduced the demand for silver since the federal government was no longer a buyer. Aspen&#39;s population began declining as it entered a period since known as "the quiet years".</p><br>
<p>Riede continued to operate his business until 1908. As the city&#39;s population continued to decline, many of its buildings from the boom years became vacant and neglected. They fell victim to fire or the effects of the severe winters at nearly 8,000 ft of elevation in the mountains. The bakery building, still referred to by the name of its onetime owner, remained. It was a second-hand shop during the Great Depression.</p><br>
<p>New owners from Denver bought the building in 1946, and renovated it. During the installation of water and sewer lines, they found remnants of the original outdoor brick ovens. When the work was complete, the building reopened as Louies Spirit House, Aspens first licensed liquor store.</p><br>
<p>Louies remained in business until 1973, after which it became Uncle Willys Spirit House and then a women&#39;s clothing store. In 1985 its exterior was restored to its original appearance by a local architect. It has been valued at $3.3 million due to its location in downtown Aspen.</p><br>
<p>Deepwood Museum & Gardens, formerly known as Historic Deepwood Estate, or simply Deepwood, is a historic house in Salem, Oregon, United States. The home was built by Dr. Luke A. Port, with construction beginning in 1893, and completed in 1894. The historic house and property have been managed since 1974 by the non-profit Friends of Deepwood, and is owned by the City of Salem.</p><br>
<p>It was designed by William C. Knighton as his first residential commission, and the landscape design was done by the Salem firm of Lord & Schryver starting in 1929. The Queen Anne style house contains Povey Brothers Studio stained glass windows throughout. The construction cost was between $12,000 and $15,000.</p><br>
<h2>Port Family (1894-1895)</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Port was born in Sussex, England, but was raised in Ohio. He served in the Ohio Infantry during the Civil War. A speculator, his business dealings were listed as "undercover" by Dun & Bradstreet in 1867. After settling near San Diego, Port moved his family to Salem in 1884 and opened the drugstore, Port and Son Drugs. His son, Omega, drowned in 1887.</p><br>
<p>After completion of his new house, Dr. Port sold the home in 1895 to Judge George G. Bingham.</p><br>
<h2>Bingham Family (1895-1924)</h2><br>
<p>George G. Bingham moved into the home with his wife, Willie E. Harris, and young daughter Alice Bingham (Powell). The family would live in the home for almost 30 years, before George & Willie passed within a few weeks of each other.</p><br>
<p>While living at 1116 Mission, the Bingham&#39;s enjoyed entertaining in their home. George was also an extensive gardener, maintaining a small orchard, large vegetable garden, and some livestock on their 4+ acre property on the south side of Salem.</p><br>
<p>Alice Bingham, married to Keith Powell, inherited the home after the passing of her parents. She sold it to another Willamette Valley couple, Clifford Brown & Alice Bretherton Brown.</p><br>
<h2>Brown-Powell Family (1924-1968)</h2><br>
<p>The Browns spent a year completing numerous renovations on the Victorian home before moving in with their two sons, Werner & Chandler. Sadly, Clifford Brown passed in 1927 in a boating accident in British Columbia, leaving his widow in the house.</p><br>
<p>Alice Brown would be the longest resident of Deepwood. In 1929, she commissioned Elizabeth Lord and Edith Schryver&#39;s firm Lord & Schryver to install the English-style gardens that the property is known for today. She is credited with naming the property Deepwood.</p><br>
<p>In 1945, she remarried to Keith Powell, widower of Alice Bingham Powell. They were married in the gardens of Deepwood, and would continue to live in the home until 1968, when they decided to move to a smaller home nearby.</p><br>
<h2>Efforts to Save Deepwood (1968-1971)</h2><br>
<p>Largely through a strong community-lead movement, Deepwood was saved from possible demolition. The home had been put up for sale, with strong commercial interest in the property, located just south of downtown Salem.</p><br>
<h2>City of Salem and the Friends of Deepwood (1971-Present)</h2><br>
<p>The City of Salem acquired the house in December 1971. The house and gardens are operated by the non-profit Friends of Deepwood, founded in 1974 as a house museum, public garden, and event venue. The gardens and property are maintained by the City of Salem and two other non-profits, the Deepwood Gardeners and the Lord & Schryver Conservancy.</p><br>
<p>The Hryszko Brothers Building is a building located at 836 North Russell Street, in the historic Albina District of north Portland, Oregon, United States. It was established in 1905 by Polish immigrants as a meeting hall and aid station, later hosting meetings by the St. Stanislaus Catholic Church and the Polish Library. It is now operated by McMenamins under the name White Eagle Saloon & Hotel, or simply White Eagle. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Jeppesen House is a house located in north Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peter Jeppesen House at 4107 North Albina Avenue in Portland, Oregon is a -story, symmetrical, hip-roofed bungalow with dormers. Its distinctions are its general European character and solid double-walled brick construction. Designed by a noteworthy Danish-born Portland architect, the bungalow is faintly reminiscent of the avant-garde work of Adolph Loos and Austrian proponents of the Arts and Crafts movement. It meets National Register Criterion C as a well-documented example of a collaboration between architect and builder; a house produced by a craftsman in his own medium for his own use. Peter Jeppesen (1861-1956), brick mason, and Emil Schacht, architect, were Danish emigres. Jeppesen was the contractor not only for numerous buildings but for a number of sidewalk construction projects around the city which can be identified today by his imprimature. Schacht (1854-1926) is noted in Oregon architectural history as the designer of the Oriental Building for the Lewis and Clark Centennial exposition of 1905. He also designed the 1912 unit of the Police Block on Oak Street in Portland which has been entered into the National Register, the Lenox Hotel and the building occupied by the Povey Brothers&#39; well-known art glass manufactory.</p><br>
<p>Jeppesen acquired the nominated property in payment for construction work elsewhere in North Portland. He acquired the adjoining lot at the same time and developed there an income-producing, four-unit apartment building, for which plans were provided once again by his fellow countryman. The house may be seen as a tangible reminder that Albina was a settlement area for Scandinavian immigrants in the years surrounding the turn of the century. Jeppesen was active through his long and productive career in Portland in the Danish Aid Society and the Danish Brotherhood. Like other newly arrived immigrants, Peter Jeppesen was attracted to Albina, a once-separate settlement ultimately annexed to Portland, for its large concentration of Scandinavians. Albina was important as an industrial area of Portland in the boom years following the Lewis and Clark Exposition of 1905. Before its annexation by Portland in 1891, the area known as Albina was one of many small river towns along the Willamette, such as St. John&#39;s and Linnton.</p><br>
<p>The John Mock House is a house located in north Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Queen Anne style home constructed in 1894 was commissioned by John Mock, who owned much of the property in what is now the University Park neighborhood of Portland. The home was built as a replacement to Mock&#39;s original log cabin, which burnt in 1889. Mock died in the home at the age of 78. It sits next to Columbia Park Annex.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Van and Storage Building is a building located in north Portland, Oregon listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Portland fire marshal halted construction in 1925 when it was discovered that window space in the building was not equal to one-twenty-fifth of floor space, a violation of the building code. The city council granted a special permit allowing construction to be completed, giving the building its unique appearance.</p><br>
<p>The Villa St. Rose is a former Catholic convent and girls&#39; school located in north Portland, Oregon. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Villa St. Rose was established in 1902 by the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd, founded by sister Rose Virginia Pelletier, a native of France. Pelletier received her holy habit and was officiated as Sister Mary of St. Euphasia in 1815 at the Convent of Refuge in Angers, France.</p><br>
<p>The Villa served as a boarding school for troubled adolescent girls, and in its early years had a peak of 200 students. By 1972, the Villa continued to serve in this manner, housing and rehabilitating girls from ages 12 to 21.</p><br>
<p>As of 2017, the Villa has been converted into Rosemont Court, which contains housing for 100 low-income elders and 18 families.</p><br>
<p>The St. Johns Signal Tower Gas Station, located in the St. Johns neighborhood of north Portland, Oregon, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built and opened in 1939 as a gas station for the Signal Oil Company. It was in operation as a gas station until 1984, but changed brand from Signal Gas to Hellman&#39;s Golden Eagle Gas Station in 1954 and, in turn, became a Chevron station in 1965. In 1984, it was converted into a florist shop, the gasoline tanks being decommissioned at that time and filled with concrete, and it functioned in that capacity until 2002. The structure was added to the National Register in 2003.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the building was converted into a restaurant, Signal Station Pizza, and it was still in use by the same business in 2024.</p><br>
<p>The Bullskin Creek Site  is an archaeological site in the southwestern portion of the USA state of Ohio. Located near Felicity in Clermont County, Among the types of features found at the site are ovens, trash pits, and postmolds. Bodies at the site were generally adorned with red ochre and buried in a flexed position.</p><br>
<p>The culture of the Bullskin Creek Site (so named because it sits atop a terrace above Bullskin Creek, near its mouth at the Ohio River) has been archaeologically classified as "Central Ohio Valley Archaic," along with at least three other sites in Hamilton and Clermont counties. Like the other sites, which are known as Dravo Gravel, DuPont Village, and Logan, the Bullskin Creek Site is believed to have been inhabited during the middle portion of the Late Archaic, between 2750 and 1750 BC according to radiocarbon dating. Among the types of tools found both at Bullskin Creek and at the others are distinctive flint knives, parts of atlatls, and stone axes and pestles. These sites are distinguished from other Late Archaic sites in the region by the knives, which are of a type only found in the region surrounding the Great Miami River. Unique to Bullskin Creek was the presence of what appears to have been religious articles: one artifact cache comprised a wide range of artifacts that suggest that they were the collection of a shaman. Conversely, no grave goods were found with any of the burials.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, excavations by the University of Cincinnati demonstrated that the Bullskin Creek Site was richer than any other site investigated by the university in the previous few years. Because of its archaeological value, the site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Clarendon School is a historic school building located in the Virginia Square neighborhood of Arlington County, Virginia. The structure was erected in 1910 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson.</p><br>
<p>The school was renamed to the Maury School in 1925 to honor Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806-1873), a geographer, and oceanographer known as the “Pathfinder of the Seas.” Born on January 14, 1806, in Fredericksburg, Virginia, Maury joined the United States Navy in 1821 and was promoted to lieutenant in 1836. He served as superintendent of the Navy Department&#39;s Depot of Charts and Instruments (the United States Naval Observatory) from 1842 to 1855 and from 1858 to 1861.</p><br>
<p>When the American Civil War started in 1861, Maury resigned from the United States Navy to accept a commission as a commander in the Confederate States Navy, and later became Secretary of the Navy for the Confederacy. After the Civil War ended, he lived in England. In 1868, he moved to Lexington, Virginia, where he served as a professor of meteorology at the Virginia Military Institute.</p><br>
<p>The building ceased operating as a school after the 1972–1973 school year. In 1977, the building was converted for use as a studio space for local artists. The Arlington Arts Center, a non-profit organization, has operated the building since that time, offering art classes, educational programs, exhibitions, and studio space.</p><br>
<p>The Arlington County Board designated the building to be a local historic district on April 7, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service listed the building on the National Register of Historic Places on December 9, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Highland Park Public School is a historic school building located in Richmond, Virginia. The structure was built in 1909 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The Mediterranean Revival building is a two-story brick and stucco structure topped by hipped roofs clad with terra cotta tiles. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The building was converted from 1990 to 1991 into a residential apartment complex for senior citizens and re-opened under the name Brookland Park Plaza.</p><br>
<p>John B. Cary School is a historic school building located in Richmond, Virginia. The structure was built by the Wise Granite Company from 1912 to 1913 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The building is considered to be an outstanding example of Gothic Revival architecture. It is a -story, granite faced that has been little altered since its original construction. The school was named for Confederate Colonel John B. Cary, who served as the superintendent of the Richmond Public Schools from 1886 to 1889. In 1954, the school was renamed the West End School, when the school was converted for use as a school for African-American students in Richmond&#39;s segregated public school system. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>When West End School was formed John B. Cary School moved to a new location, 3021 Maplewood Ave, Richmond, as a White school. West End School was opened until 1976. The building of the new expressway displaced many families and enrollment dropped. The building housed the Adult Accelerated Learning Center (AALEC) from 1976 to 1984 and Franklin Military School from 1984 to 1986. It was released to the city to be sold in 1989. In 2012 the building became Winthrop Manor, an assisted living facility.</p><br>
<p>John B. Cary School moved from a segregated enrollment to an open one in 1969. It was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education as one of Virginia&#39;s most outstanding elementary schools in 1987 and 1988.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the city considered closing the school due to lowered enrollment. As of 2012, fewer than 39 percent of the children who live in the Cary school zone attend there.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Bacon School is a historic school building located in Richmond, Virginia. The structure was built in 1914 based on a design by Charles M. Robinson, supervising architect, and William L. Carneal, architect. The Colonial Revival building is a -story brick structure located in Richmond&#39;s Oakwood/Chimborazo Historic District. The school was "a focal point of the Chimborazo neighborhood." It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Orange High School is a historic school located in Orange, Virginia. The first school building at the site was built in 1911 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The original structure is a -story building with a monumental Doric portico modeled on the Temple of Albano. In 1925, a one-story annex was added to the school. The school opened in 1911 as an elementary, middle, and high school. It continued in operation until 1970. When plans to demolish the original 1911 building were announced in the late 1990s, local residents protested. The property was converted for use as apartments for senior citizens.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Shea Terrace Elementary School is a historic school building located in Portsmouth, Virginia. The structure was built in 1925 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The school opened in September 1925 serving Portsmouths Shea Terrace neighborhood. In a 2002 submission to have the structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the Virginia Department of Historical Resources noted the structures association with Charles M. Robinson: "He is one of the most important Virginia architects of this period and his approach to school design and campus master planning continues to exert an influence today." The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Whaley School is a public elementary school located in the Peacock Hill neighborhood of Williamsburg, Virginia, occupying a historic school building. It is within the Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools.</p><br>
<p>The Georgian Revival structure was built between 1929 and 1930 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The monumental school building was located adjacent to the Governor&#39;s Palace in Colonial Williamsburg and "quickly became a local landmark of considerable architectural pretension." From 1997 to 1998, the school underwent a $5.4 million renovation which included improvements to make the building accessible to the handicapped and refurbishing the original slate roof.</p><br>
<p>In June 2004, the Virginia Board of Historic Resources added the school to the Virginia Landmarks Register. The building was also listed on the National Register of Historic Places in August 2004.</p><br>
<p>Matthew Whaley is part of the Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools system.</p><br>
<p>Peabody Building of the Peabody-Williams School is an American historic school building located in Petersburg, Virginia. The structure opened in 1920 as a public high school for African American students in Petersburg&#39;s segregated public school system. The building was designed by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. It is a two-story, red brick building that was originally part of a campus that included a junior high school and an elementary school.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000, but is now closed. A new middle school was built adjacent to it, and remains in use.</p><br>
<p>Springfield School is a historic school building located in Richmond, Virginia. The Gothic Revival structure was built in 1913 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The -story structure has a granite exterior, a raised basement and a small penthouse. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Its inclusion on the National Register was based upon the school&#39;s association with an important period of development for the Richmond Public School system, its association with Charles M. Robinson, its Gothic Revival architectural style, and the unusual use of granite  as the exterior construction material for a school structure in the area.</p><br>
<p>Grace Hospital is an American historic hospital in Richmond, Virginia. The original Colonial Revival structure was built in 1911 based on a design by noted Virginia architect Charles M. Robinson. The hospital is located to the west of Richmond&#39;s central business district and was substantially expanded by additions in 1930 and 1964. The original three-story main structure with an entrance pavilion on West Grace Street, is a Colonial Revival building with paired Ionic order columns and gauged arches. In 1930, a five-story Moderne style addition was built to the south along Monroe Street. In 1964, a further three-story addition was built along Grace Street. The 1964 addition is devoid of ornamentation, and the west wing "projects a modern, utilitarian character."</p><br>
<p>The hospital building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It was the birthplace in 1951 of Donnie Corker.</p><br>
<p>The building was renovated and turned into an apartment building from 2015 to 2017.</p><br>
<p>Hedgesville Historic District is a national historic district located at Hedgesville, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses 55 contributing buildings and one contributing site, the Town Spring. Notable buildings include the Presbyterian Church and Manse, Ashton House, Robinson Log House, Hat Shop, Stuckey House, Westenhaver-McKee House, Mt. Zion Episcopal Church and Hedgesville Cemetery, Jacob Hull Mansion, and Bodine&#39;s Tavern. Included are notable examples of Queen Anne and Greek Revival-style architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Maidstone Manor Farm, also known as William R. Leigh House, is a national historic district located near Hedgesville, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses a historic farm with three contributing buildings and one contributing site, the site of a slave cabin. The plantation house is a two-story, square brick dwelling with a slate covered pyramidal roof. It is three bays wide and two bays deep and features a one bay entrance portico supported by paired Doric order columns. Also on the property are a barn and brick smokehouse. It was the birthplace of noted artist William Robinson Leigh , father of William Colston Leigh, Sr. .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Abraham Duplex is a historic house located in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1890 in the Queen Anne style, it is one of few duplexes in the Eliot neighborhood remaining from the late-19th to early-20th centuries. Its early ownership by German Americans and Scandinavian Americans testifies to the settlement by ethnic immigrants in this part of the former city of Albina.</p><br>
<p>The duplex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Alfred J. and Georgia A. Armstrong House is a historic house in Portland, Oregon, United States. A modest but elaborate Queen Anne house built in 1894, it is one of very few intact examples of its type remaining from the early years of development in the King neighborhood. Likely constructed by one of its original occupants, a skilled carpenter, it exhibits more defining Queen Anne characteristics than other nearby houses of the same period, including a tower and the large quantity of jigsawed ornamentation. It was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Frank C. Barnes House, also known as the Barnes Mansion, is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Author Beverly Cleary called the house "haunted" in her Ramona Quimby series.</p><br>
<p>Its design has been tentatively ascribed to Portland architect David L. Williams, but was more recently linked to Stokes & Zeller.</p><br>
<p>The Barnhart–Wright House is a historic house located in the Irvington neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1913–1914 by general contractor Frederic E. Bowman, whose constructions shaped several neighborhoods in the city. It stands as one of the best-preserved and most expensive single-family homes in his body of work, and is an outstanding example of the use of Arts and Crafts architecture with Prairie School influences in an upper-class Portland home.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The Jennie Bramhall House is a historic house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States. It is significant for its highly unusual combination of Queen Anne styling with cast concrete block construction. Built in 1908–1909, it is one of the finest remaining Queen Anne houses in the Albina district, and one of only a few cast concrete houses in that area.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The George Earle Chamberlain House is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The house was built in 1893 and its original owner was Frank M. Warren. In 1904, the house was acquired by George Earle Chamberlain, who was then in his first term as Governor of Oregon, and Chamberlain owned and occupied the house until his death in 1928. Soon after buying the house, Chamberlain remodeled the first and second floors, both interior and exterior. Since the time of Chamberlain&#39;s ownership, modifications to the building have been few.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the NRHP in 1991. In 2010, it was included in the National Register-listed Irvington Historic District. A home in Albany, Oregon, which Chamberlain owned, and in which he resided, from 1882 to 1892, is also on the NRHP and is also listed as the George Earle Chamberlain House.</p><br>
<p>The Clovelly Garden Apartments, also known as Holman Gardens, are a historic apartment complex located in northeast Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1928 in the Tudor Revival style, they are a fine example of the garden apartments popular in Portland in the late 1920s and early 1930s. They were designed by prominent architect Carl L. Linde  under commission to George Nease , an influential timber businessman. They contain light fixtures designed by Fred Baker , recognized as a master lighting designer in Portland in that period.</p><br>
<p>The apartments were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater is a historic theater in South Los Angeles, California. The Moorish Revival building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. Sometimes referred to as the "West Coast Apollo", the Lincoln Theater was one of the most significant establishments along the Central Avenue Corridor; this became the cultural and business hub of the African-American community in Los Angeles from the 1920s to the 1950s. For more than 30 years, the Lincoln featured live theater, musical acts, talent shows, vaudeville, and motion pictures, including live performances by the leading African-American performers of the era, including Lionel Hampton, Duke Ellington, the Nat King Cole Trio, and Billie Holiday. The Lincoln Theater was managed and directed by Jules Wolf, grandfather of Rock & Roll Photographer, Linda Wolf, The theater was converted to use as a church in 1962. It continues to be used for religious services.</p><br>
<h2>Design and construction</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater was built between 1926 and 1927 at a cost of $500,000. The theater was built in the style of a grand movie palace with a large stage, orchestra pit, and seating for 2,100 persons. The building was designed by architect John Paxton Perrine (1886–1972), who is known for his design of Southern California movie palaces in the 1920s. These include the California Theater (1926, San Diego), the Roosevelt Theater (1926, Hawthorne), the Fox Redondo Theater (1927, Redondo Beach), and the California Theatre (1928, San Bernardino). The Lincoln was considered by the California Eagle, "the finest and most beautiful theater in the country built exclusively for race patronage."</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater is considered an outstanding example of Exotic Revival and Moorish Revival architecture. The front facade is divided into three symmetrical bays with the theater&#39;s entrance at the bottom of the central bay. The facade is marked by decorative ceramic tile above arches in the side bays and columns that are capped by onion-shaped capitals and lance-shaped spires. The area in the central bay above the marquee is decorated with layers of arches and columns that were intended to create "the overall impression of a step-back tower in low relief".</p><br>
<h2>The Central Avenue Corridor</h2><br>
<p>In the 1910s and 1920s, large movie theaters were opened in Downtown Los Angeles in the Broadway Theater District. However, African Americans were either excluded from these theaters altogether or restricted to "colored only" seating areas.</p><br>
<p>During the 1910s and 1920s, as African-American population increased in the area, a number of cultural and business institutions catering to the African-American population of Los Angeles opened along a one-mile stretch of South Central Avenue. These included Dreamland Rink, the Murray Pocket Billiard Emporium and Cigar Stand, the 28th Street YMCA, Second Baptist Church, Sidney P. Dones Company (offering real estate, insurance and legal services), the California Eagle newspaper, the Dunbar Hotel, and the Lincoln Theater. The area, known as the Central Avenue Corridor, became the cultural and economic hub of the African-American community in Los Angeles from the 1920s through the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln was the largest of several theaters along the Central Avenue Corridor offering entertainment to the African-American community. Three of the others (the Tivoli, Angelus, and Hub theaters) have since been demolished. A fourth, the Globe Theater, has been substantially altered.</p><br>
<h2>Early years</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater opened in October 1927. The "Chocolate Scandals" and Curtis Mosbys Dixieland Blue Blowers provided the entertainment at an invitation-only premiere on October 6, 1927. Though catering to the African-American community, the Lincoln became popular with the citys white audiences as well. In May 1928, Los Angeles Times columnist Lee Shippey wrote of the Lincoln:</p><br>
<p>It is a big, well-appointed theater in which all of the actors and almost all of the auditors are negroes. But many white people crowd in, too, because the chance to see negro actors of real ability appearing for their own people rather than appearing as negroes from the white mans point of view is one that doesnt come to one in every city.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theaters house company, known as the Lafayette Players, attracted Hollywood celebrities, including Charlie Chaplin, Irving Thalberg, Janet Gaynor, and Fanny Brice, to performances at the Lincoln. Notable performers who appeared at the Lincoln in the late 1920s include Nina Mae McKinney (known as "The Black Garbo"), Evelyn Preer (known in the African-American community as "The First Lady of the Screen"), Clarence Muse, Elsie Ferguson, Laura Bowman, Abbie Mitchell, Charles Sidney Gilpin, and the house band, Mosbys Blue Syncopators providing "hot music while a chorus of twenty-four dusky beauties... strut to its tunes."</p><br>
<h2>The "West Coast Apollo"</h2><br>
<p>From the 1930s to the 1950s, the Lincoln featured live theater, concerts, talent shows, vaudeville, and film. One historical account noted that the Lincoln "offered stunning stage shows and packed in black audiences on Saturday and Sunday nights." The Lincoln was the site of performances by many of the leading African-American performers of the era, including Lionel Hampton, Duke Ellington, the Nat King Cole Trio, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne, Louis Jordan, Pigmeat Markham, Fats Domino, and B.B. King. The Lincoln was sometimes called the "West Coast Apollo" because it featured many of the same acts as Harlem&#39;s famous Apollo Theater.</p><br>
<p>Concerts at the Lincoln in the post-World War II era attracted diverse audiences that included the likes of choreographer Alvin Ailey, activist Eldridge Cleaver, and songwriter eden ahbez. It was outside the Lincoln in the late 1940s that a bearded ahbez wearing sandals handed the song "Nature Boy" to Nat King Cole&#39;s road manager.</p><br>
<h2>Conversion to church use</h2><br>
<p>In 1962, the Lincoln Theater was sold to the Southern California First Jurisdiction of the Church of God in Christ. It was adapted for use and became known as "The Crouch Temple", operated by Bishop Samuel M. Crouch. The theater was later operated as the Iglesia de Cristo Ministries Juda.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the theater was deemed to satisfy the registration requirements set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. Other sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include the Second Baptist Church, 28th Street YMCA, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, Angelus Funeral Home, 52nd Place Historic District, 27th Street Historic District, and two historic all-black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater qualifies for inclusion in the National Register under Criterion A due to its connection to significant historical events. It fulfills the criteria outlined in the Multiple Property Documentation (MPD) Form for Historic Resources Linked with African Americans in Los Angeles. The theater holds local significance within the context of entertainment and culture. Since 1962, it has been owned and operated by a religious institution, meeting Criteria Consideration A by deriving its primary significance from its historical importance to the African American community.</p><br>
<p>These theaters not only highlighted African American performers but also served as entertainment venues free from racial discrimination for the local community. African Americans were often excluded from downtown Los Angeles theaters or confined to segregated "colored only" seating areas. Consequently, theaters offering equal access to African Americans became one of the many businesses that emerged along Central Avenue. Among these were at least five theaters: the Lincoln, Globe, Tivoli, Angelus, and Hub, with the Lincoln Theater being the largest.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Theater opened in 1927 and quickly became a major gathering place for the growing African American population along the Central Avenue corridor. It was built by West Coast Theaters, with a board of directors that included Mike Gore, Adolph Ramish, Sol Lesser, and Joseph Schenk. The theater hosted a variety of stage shows, plays, concerts, talent shows, vaudeville, and films. It was often referred to as the "West Coast Apollo" due to its lineup featuring many of the same acts as the Apollo Theater in Harlem. The theater played a key role in jazz history, showcasing performers such as Lionel Hampton, Duke Ellington, Nat Cole, Fats Domino, Sammy Davis Jr., and BB King.</p><br>
<p>A columnist from the Los Angeles Times observed that many white patrons attended the Lincoln Theater because it provided a rare opportunity to see Black actors perform authentically for their own community, rather than through the lens of stereotypes often presented in mainstream venues.</p><br>
<p>One of the theater’s main draws was the Lafayette Players. Founded in 1915 by Anita Busch, the Lafayette Players provided dramatic entertainment for the Harlem community, offering an alternative to minstrel shows that often demeaned black people. In 1928, they relocated to Los Angeles and became the resident company at the Lincoln. The troupe featured renowned black actors such as Clarence Muse, Charles Gilpin, and Abbie Mitchell.</p><br>
<p>In 1962, the Lincoln Theater was acquired by the First Jurisdiction of the Church of God in Christ and was renamed "The Crouch Temple" by Bishop Samuel M. Crouch. After Crouch’s death in 1976, the headquarters moved to Crenshaw. The Lincoln Theater is now co-owned by the Mission Evangelica Juda and serves as a church under the leadership of Pastor Alberto Wizel with Iglesia de Cristo Ministeries Juda.</p><br>
<p>Though the building is not being nominated under Criterion C, it is noteworthy that it was designed by architect John Paxton Perrine, who had an extensive body of work in southern California. Perrine was recognized for his grand theater designs in Art Deco, Spanish Colonial Revival, and Moorish Revival styles. In 1928, he designed the lavish California Theater in San Bernardino, blending Spanish Colonial and Moorish Revival styles. Built to host both vaudeville acts and motion pictures, it was the site of Will Rogers’ final public appearance in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Union Bryarlys Mill is a historic flour and grist mill complex and national historic district located at Darkesville, Berkeley County, West Virginia, USA. It encompasses four contributing buildings and two contributing sites. The buildings are the Bryarly Mill, Mansion House, a log smokehouse and combination ice house building, the log millers house , the site of a distillery and foundation containing archaeological remains. The mill was built about 1835 and is a two-story, three-bay brick building with a gable roof. The Mansion House was built about 1835 and is a two-story, L-shaped frame dwelling on a stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Tuscarora Creek Historic District is a national historic district located near Martinsburg and Nollville, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses 31 contributing buildings and three contributing sites, related to the early settlement and economic development along the Tuscarora Creek. Notable buildings in the district include: Pattersons Mill  and the millers house, "Elm Dale," the Silber-Walters House, Huxley Hall, site of Pattersons New Mill and millers house, Hibbard Mill, Tuscarora School, Providence Cemetery, the Mong House, Tuscarora Church , James Noll Shop, Rumsey Mill site, and the poor house or "Mansion House" .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Ridge Road Historic District is a national historic district located near Nollville, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses six contributing buildings and two contributing sites, related to the early settlement and economic development along Apple Pie Ridge. They buildings are the: Harriett Lyle Henshaw House, Smith Miller House , Philip Pendleton House , Noll-Rentch House, and Noll House . The Isabella Lyle House  burned in a fire on February 28, 1999.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>South Water Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses 30 contributing buildings and one contributing site, related to residential, commercial, and economic development along the Tuscarora Creek. Notable buildings include: the Edison Electric Illumination Company of Martinsburg building; dwellings along South Water Street at 104–106, 108, 119, 120, 200, 202, 208, 216, and 308; rowhouses at 222, 224, and 226; the O&#39;Hara-Martin House ; the Alburtis House; the South Water Street Stone House ; the Martinsburg Steam Laundry Company building; and Martinsburg Gas Company Complex . Also located in the district is the separately listed General Adam Stephen House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Frijole Ranch, also known as Guadalupe Ranch, Spring Hill Ranch and the Rader-Smith Ranch, is located in Guadalupe Mountains National Park in extreme west Texas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, 1978, and represents a significant period in the settlement and ranching of the Guadalupe Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ranch was built about 1876 by the Rader Brothers in the Guadalupe Mountains next to Frijole Spring and comprises seven buildings: the ranch house, a bunkhouse, a barn, a double outhouse, a springhouse, a shed, and a school house. With the exception of the barn and school house, the buildings are constructed of local stone rubble, and all buildings are surrounded by a stone rubble wall. The complex represents the most complete early ranching operation in the Guadalupe Mountains. The ranch was built in close proximity to several other springs, whose surrounding area was inhabited by Native Americans from prehistory.</p><br>
<p>The Rader brothers, the first settlers on the southeast side of the mountains, left the area in the late 1880s. The Herring family of North Carolina occupied the ranch for a time between the late 1880s and 1895, with Herring daughter Ida marrying George W. Wolcott in 1888. The Wolcotts moved to Midland, Texas in 1895. The Smith family occupied the previously vacant ranch from 1906, calling it "Spring Hill Ranch." The Smiths expanded the ranch and operated a truck farm, expanding the farm house and building the bunkhouse and school house. They invested in a hydraulic ram to pump water and installed a carbide lamp system in the house, later changing to electric lights operated by a wind generator. The Smiths operated a post office at the site from 1916 to 1942.</p><br>
<p>John Smith sold the ranch to Judge Jesse Coleman Hunter of Van Horn, Texas for $55,000 in 1942 and moved to Hawley, Texas. Hunter assembled the "Guadalupe Mountains Ranch" of 43,000 acre, producing, among other things, mohair wool. The ranch house was the home of ranch foreman Noel Kincaid from 1942 to 1969. Hunter began to advocate the region for a national park in 1925. Hunters son, J.C. Junior, inherited the ranch in 1945 and continued his fathers work, expanding the ranch to 67,213 acre, eventually selling the land to the National Park Service in 1966 for $1.5 million.</p><br>
<h2>National Park</h2><br>
<p>The ranch buildings were used by the National Park Service as employee residence and utility buildings from 1969 to 1980. From 1983 to 1991 the house was a Park Service operations center. The house was restored in 1992 and is an interpretive center and museum, known as the Frijole Ranch Cultural Museum.</p><br>
<p>The W. S. Salmon House in southeast Portland in the USA state of Oregon, is a 2.5-story apartment house listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in the Queen Anne style in 1890, it was added to the register in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The 2,478 ft2 structure, built as a single-family dwelling for W. S. Salmon, was originally located on the northwest corner of Southeast 13th Avenue and Morrison Street. In 1913, architect R. F. Wassell bought the house and had it moved to the west side of Southeast 13th Avenue between Belmont and Yamhill streets, about 1.5 blocks south of its original site. Although the exact date is unknown, at some point after 1900 the house was converted from a single-family dwelling into an apartment house with five units.</p><br>
<p>Significant external features include the asymmetrical shape of the building, projecting bays, a second-floor wrap-around porch, imbricated shingles, and other ornamentation. The five apartments&mdash;two on each of the first two floors and one in the attic&mdash;feature Queen Anne ornamentation, including recessed alcoves with plaster decorations, a variety of elongated sash windows, tile inserts around a large Rumford fireplace in the largest apartment, carved wooden newel posts, a dogleg staircase with an oval window above the landing, and a pressed tin ceiling in the vestibule.</p><br>
<p>Salmon was the co-owner of the Albina Sash and Door Company, and it is thought that he used the house to attract business during a late 19th-century building boom on Portland&#39;s east side. Development in the area was enhanced by completion of the Morrison Bridge over the Willamette River and the subsequent eastward extension of street car lines. One of the new lines ran along Southeast Belmont Street.</p><br>
<p>The Westlake Theatre is a historic theater located in the Westlake section of Los Angeles, California, United States, adjacent to MacArthur Park. The theater was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Opened on September 22, 1926, the theater had seating for 1,949 patrons, and was used for both motion pictures and vaudeville shows. It was built at a reported cost of $750,000. It was designed by Richard Mortimer Bates Jr., with an exterior in a Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival style. The facade features Churrigueresque detailing of floral patterns and cartouche relief. The interior contains Adamesque references and murals by Anthony Heinsbergen.</p><br>
<p>The theater closed briefly during the Depression for renovations. Exterior renovations in 1935 were designed by noted theater architect S. Charles Lee, and included an Art Deco ticket kiosk made of red-painted metal, unvarnished aluminum and glass; new lobby doors; and terrazzo sunburst paving in the foyer and front sidewalk. One of the theater&#39;s intact features is an original steel-frame, three-story neon sign on its roof.</p><br>
<p>The Westlake was operated as a first-run movie theater from 1926 until the 1960s. As the neighborhood&#39;s demographics changed, the theater was sold to Metropolitan Theatres Corp., which showed Spanish-language or Spanish-subtitled movies. In 1991, the building was sold to Mayer Separzadeh, who converted the theater into a swap meet. To protect the building from drastic changes, the building was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in September 1991.</p><br>
<p>The theater was purchased by the now-defunct Community Redevelopment Agency of the City of Los Angeles in 2008. The CRA announced plans to rehabilitate the theater as a venue for live theater, film, music, and other performances. Progress under the CRA/LA was slow.</p><br>
<p>In 2018, the theater was sold for $2 million to Jamison Services, a real estate development company based in Koreatown, which said it had plans to restore the theater. However, as of 2019 the theatre was once again listed for sale, and by 2020 Jamison Services had done no more than apply for permits to alter and repaint the building&#39;s exterior.</p><br>
<p>Pinery Station, or The Pinery, was built as a relay station on the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach route, located at the crest of Guadalupe Pass in what is now Guadalupe Mountains National Park in the USA state of Texas. The station, now in ruins, was built in 1858 and was abandoned the next year. It is located close by USA Routes 62/160 and is accessible for tourists.</p><br>
<p>The station location had been a camp for military expeditions since 1849. The station was built as a fortification with stone walls protecting a corral and a second enclosure for the three-room station house. The corral measured 67 ft by 33 ft, while the station house enclosure measured 57 ft by 41 ft. The station house rooms measured between 10 ft square and 10 ft by 14 ft. The walls were 30 in thick and 11 ft high, giving protection from raids by the local Mescalero Apaches. The station was located near Pine Spring and featured good grazing land nearby. The station offered fresh teams of horses and hot meals for stage crews and passengers. In 1859 the trail route was changed to pass close to Fort Davis and Fort Stockton. Even after its abandonment it was used by passers-by on the old trail.</p><br>
<p>The Pinery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 9, 1974 and became a contributing property within the Butterfield Overland Mail Corridor NRHP historic district on August 27, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The John L. Nichols House is a historic former residence in Bloomington, Indiana, United States. Built in a late variety of the Victorian style of architecture, it was constructed in 1900. Once the home of Bloomington&#39;s leading architect, it is no longer a residence, but it has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Born in Bloomington in 1859, John L. Nichols was the first architect to practice in the city, Smaller residences were also within his purview; in 1902, he published a complete book of residential designs, many of which combined elements from the Neoclassical, Queen Anne, Romanesque Revival, and Stick styles to produce a distinctive and popular style that local historians have called "Free Classic."</p><br>
<p>One of the buildings that Nichols held up as a leading example of his architectural ideals was the home that he designed for himself and his wife along College Avenue north of downtown. After building it in 1900, he made extensive use of it in his book as a demonstration of his theories of architecture.</p><br>
<p>Nichols moved out of his new house just two years after its completion, but he maintained ownership until selling it in 1905 to the Indianapolis Southern Railroad, which at that time was engaged in the construction of a railroad line adjacent to the property. Except for twelve years as the home of a local railroad employee, the house was little used by the railroad. In 1940, the house was sold by the railroad, which had become subsumed into the Illinois Central; from this point to the present, it has been bought and sold by many different parties. Throughout the later twentieth century, the house gradually deteriorated, but by the 1980s it had been purchased by a new owner who began to restore the property to its original state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Characteristic of its designer, the Nichols House is a mix of architectural styles. Some of its elements are meant to recall the architecture of Ancient Greek temples, such as the Corinthian columns that support the roof of the entrance porch. A distinctive and unique design element is the stonework supporting the columns: rather than the dressed limestone that he used in many of his larger buildings, it is composed of small limestone geodes; almost no other Bloomington buildings employ these stones architecturally, even though they occur in large numbers in the city&#39;s vicinity. Other geodes were formerly used to support the chimney and as landscaping, although many of these have disappeared.</p><br>
<p>The house itself features an unusual floor plan with vaguely elliptical ends: the west-facing front is linear, the east-facing rear encompasses an ell, and both the northern and southern ends are pentagonally shaped instead of flat. Just one story tall, the Nichols House is divided into five rooms with a basement; its frame structure is covered by clapboard siding. The cedar shingled roof has been replaced by one of fiberglass; both the original and the replacement were hipped except for the gabled roofs of the porch and the rear ell.</p><br>
<p>Inside, oak and walnut panelling covers most of the walls, and the floors are made of cherry. Among the other original elements is the fireplace, which retains the hearth that it had at its original construction. The interior is lit by multiple large windows, a disproportionate number of which are located in the pentagonal ends of the building; although some are casements and others sash windows, all are divided into many small diamond shapes, following a pattern than Nichols employed in many of his designs.</p><br>
<h2>Related buildings</h2><br>
<p>Located just behind Nichols&#39; house is his studio, a separate two-story building constructed in a manner similar to that of the house. It is a significantly simpler building than the house, featuring an open floor plan with simple and unadorned construction. In the past, the studio declined with the house, but it was ignored as the house was restored to its original state.</p><br>
<p>Although not owned by Nichols, a residence similar to the present house is located along Rogers Street in the neighborhood of Prospect Hill. Situated near four other Nichols designs, this house is essentially a mirror image of Nichols&#39; own home; both are clapboard buildings with central entryways and octagonal wings.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>In late 1984, the John L. Nichols house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its distinctive historic architecture and because of its connection to Nichols. Although the National Register called the property the "J.L. Nichols House and Studio," only the house itself was considered a contributing property. Like several other Nichols designs, the house has been given the status of Bloomington Historic Designation, and the 2004 City of Bloomington Interim Report, a historic preservation survey, deemed it the single most important part of the locally designated Illinois Central Railroad and North College Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is used as the office of a locally owned law firm.</p><br>
<p>The 28th Street YMCA is a historic YMCA building in South Los Angeles, California. It was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 2006 and put on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The four-story structure was built in 1926 at a cost of $200,000. The building was designed by noted African American architect Paul R. Williams in the Spanish Colonial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The building is considered to be historically significant because of its association with Paul R. Williams and because it is one of two club buildings remaining in Los Angeles that were founded by and for African Americans. The 28th Street YMCA, also sometimes referred to as the "Colored YMCA", was a milestone for the city&#39;s African American community. Many recreational facilities, including public swimming pools, were racially segregated in the 1920s, and the 28th Street YMCA provided a gymnasium, swimming pool, and 52 dormitory rooms on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The building was deemed to satisfy the registration requirement for club buildings set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. Other sites listed pursuant to the same African Americans in Los Angeles MPS include the Angelus Funeral Home, Lincoln Theater, Second Baptist Church, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, 27th Street Historic District, and two historic all-black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).</p><br>
<p>In 2015 a major restoration was undertaken by non profit affordable housing developer and the with design work led by the architecture firm.</p><br>
<p>The project was awarded a</p><br>
<p>Angelus Funeral Home was a funeral home at 1010 E Jefferson Blvd in South Los Angeles, California that has been repurposed as an affordable housing complex. The building was listed as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 2006 and on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. In 1925, Angelus Funeral Home was the first Black-owned business to be incorporated in California. The building was designed by noted African-American architect Paul R. Williams in the</p><br>
<p>Spanish Colonial and Georgian Revival styles and also includes Art Deco elements.</p><br>
<p>The building was deemed to satisfy the registration requirements set forth in a multiple property submission study, the African Americans in Los Angeles MPS. Other sites listed pursuant to the same MPS study include the Second Baptist Church, Lincoln Theater, 28th Street YMCA, Prince Hall Masonic Temple, 52nd Place Historic District, 27th Street Historic District, and two historic all-Black segregated fire stations (Fire Station No. 14 and Fire Station No. 30).</p><br>
<p>Tabler&#39;s Station Historic District is a national historic district located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It encompasses 19 contributing buildings constructed between about 1890 and 1953. It is primarily residential, but also includes the Tabler Presbyterian Church  and Shiftman Brothers Mattress Factory . The houses are of wood-frame construction, between one and stories in height, and are primarily vernacular in character.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
